Aircraft remote sensing of phytoplankton spatial patterns during the 1989 Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) North Atlantic bloom experiment

Mesoscale phytoplankton chlorophyll variability near the Joint Global Ocean Flux study sites along the 20 W meridian at 34 N, 47 N, and 59 N is discussed. The NASA P-3 aircraft and the Airborne Oceanographic Lidar (AOL) system provides remote sensing support for the North Atlantic Bloom Experiment. The principal instrument of the AOL system is the blue-green laser that stimulates fluorescence from photoplankton chlorophyll, the principal photosynthetic pigment. Other instruments on the NASA P-3 aircraft include up- and down-looking spectrometers, PRT-5 for infrared measurements to determine sea surface temperature, and a system to deploy and record AXBTs to measure subsurface temperature structure

Unique Herpetofauna of Murphy Lake State Game Area, Tuscola County, Michigan : Northern Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) and Six-Lined Racerunner (Aspidscelis sexlineata)

Four chapters are included in this thesis. The first chapter is an introduction that provides background information about Desmognathus fuscus and Aspidoscelis sexlineata. The second chapter includes two publications and a presentation abstract. The first publication, "Geographic Distribution for Desmognathus fuscus," was published in Herpetological Review in December 2005. This was the first documented record of D. fuscus in Michigan. The second publication is tltle "Un-weathered (new) artificial cover objects effectively sample Plethodontid Salamanders in Michigan" which will be published in the December 2007 issue of Herpetological Review. The presentation abstract is titled "Northern Dusky Salamder: (Desmognathus fuscus): First State Record, Tuscola County, Michigan" which was presented at the Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference in Grand Rapids, Michigan in December 2005. The third chapter is a manuscript written for publication titled "Aspects of the natural history of a disjointed popoulation of Six-lined Racerunners, Aspidoscelis sexlineata, located in Murphy Lake State Game Area, Tuscola County, MIchigan that will be submitted for publication after completion of this thesis. The final chapter is a discussion of how and whether or monitor and manage these disjointed populations. The literature cited for the introduction and discussion are presented together at the end of the discussion. The literature cited for the middle chapters are presented after each chapter.Master'sCollege of Arts and Sciences: BiologyUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117967/1/Yoder.pd

Legislative Intervention in Corporate Governance is Not a Necessary Response to Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

Few recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court have created quite the stir as did Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. One reason the opinion had such an effect is that it contains a smorgasbord of business-related legal and political issues, including issues relating to election law, ethics, social responsibility, stare decisis, judicial review, selection of Supreme Court Justices, the definition of free speech, and corporate “personhood” for purposes of the First Amendment. Perhaps surprising for a case involving a lawsuit brought by a nonprofit public advocacy organization against the federal agency charged with enforcing federal election laws, the opinion also ventures into one of the most important current issues in corporate governance, the role of shareholders in the business and affairs of a corporation

Comparison of Turbulent Thermal Diffusivity and Scalar Variance Models

In this study, several variable turbulent Prandtl number formulations are examined for boundary layers, pipe flow, and axisymmetric jets. The model formulations include simple algebraic relations between the thermal diffusivity and turbulent viscosity as well as more complex models that solve transport equations for the thermal variance and its dissipation rate. Results are compared with available data for wall heat transfer and profile measurements of mean temperature, the root-mean-square (RMS) fluctuating temperature, turbulent heat flux and turbulent Prandtl number. For wall-bounded problems, the algebraic models are found to best predict the rise in turbulent Prandtl number near the wall as well as the log-layer temperature profile, while the thermal variance models provide a good representation of the RMS temperature fluctuations. In jet flows, the algebraic models provide no benefit over a constant turbulent Prandtl number approach. Application of the thermal variance models finds that some significantly overpredict the temperature variance in the plume and most underpredict the thermal growth rate of the jet. The models yield very similar fluctuating temperature intensities in jets from straight pipes and smooth contraction nozzles, in contrast to data that indicate the latter should have noticeably higher values. For the particular low subsonic heated jet cases examined, changes in the turbulent Prandtl number had no effect on the centerline velocity decay